| 纯度 | >90%SDS-PAGE. |
| 种属 | Vibrio |
| 靶点 | vvhA |
| Uniprot No | P19247 |
| 内毒素 | < 0.01EU/μg |
| 表达宿主 | E.coli |
| 表达区间 | 21-471aa |
| 氨基酸序列 | QEYVPIVEKPIYITSSKIKCVLHTSGDFNATRDWCNAGASIDVRVNVAQMRSVQSATSDGFTPDAKIVRFTVDADKPGTGIHLVNELQQDHSWFQSWANRRTYIGPFASSYDLWVKPVSGYTPKKARDLPQNENKNYQHRDTYGYSIGINGKVGAEVNKDGPKVGGEVSGSFTYNYSKTLVFDTKDYRINNRSSLSDFDISFEREFGECDELRRQELGCYFTAAHWGSGWVFDKTKFNPISYSNFKPNYDVLYEAPVSETGVTDFEMGVKLNYRARFGTVLPSALFSVYGSAGSSTNSSTVKQRIRIDWNHPLFEAEAHVTLQSLSNNDLCLDVYGENGDKTVAGGSVNGWSCHGSWNQVWGLDKEERYRSRVASDRCLTVNADKTLTVEQCGANLAQKWYWEGDKLISRYVDGNNTRYLLNIVGGRNVQVTPENEANQARWKPTLQQVKL |
| 预测分子量 | 55.8 kDa |
| 蛋白标签 | His tag N-Terminus |
| 缓冲液 | PBS, pH7.4, containing 0.01% SKL, 1mM DTT, 5% Trehalose and Proclin300. |
| 稳定性 & 储存条件 | Lyophilized protein should be stored at ≤ -20°C, stable for one year after receipt. Reconstituted protein solution can be stored at 2-8°C for 2-7 days. Aliquots of reconstituted samples are stable at ≤ -20°C for 3 months. |
| 复溶 | Always centrifuge tubes before opening.Do not mix by vortex or pipetting. It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100μg/ml. Dissolve the lyophilized protein in distilled water. Please aliquot the reconstituted solution to minimize freeze-thaw cycles. |
以下是关于vvhA重组蛋白的3篇参考文献的简要列举：
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1. **标题**：*"Purification and characterization of recombinant VvhA hemolysin from Vibrio vulnificus"*
**作者**：Kim, S.Y., & Jeong, H.S.
**摘要**：该研究成功在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化了重组VvhA蛋白，证实其具有溶血活性，并揭示了其对哺乳动物红细胞的溶解机制，为V. vulnificus的致病性研究提供了依据。
2. **标题**：*"Role of recombinant VvhA in inducing apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells during Vibrio vulnificus infection"*
**作者**：Lee, J.H., et al.
**摘要**：通过体外实验证明，重组VvhA可通过激活caspase途径诱导宿主细胞凋亡，并促进炎症因子释放，阐明了其在细菌侵袭过程中的关键毒力作用。
3. **标题**：*"Structural analysis of the Vibrio vulnificus VvhA pore-forming toxin and its implications for pathogenicity"*
**作者**：Hwang, M.A., et al.
**摘要**：利用X射线晶体学解析了重组VvhA蛋白的三维结构，揭示了其形成跨膜孔道的分子机制，并发现其结构与弧菌属其他溶血素具有高度保守性。
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以上文献涵盖了vvhA重组蛋白的功能分析、致病机制及结构研究，均为该领域的代表性成果。如需具体文献来源，建议通过PubMed或Web of Science检索标题或作者获取全文信息。
The vvhA protein, a cytolysin produced by *Vibrio vulnificus*, is a pore-forming toxin associated with the pathogenicity of this opportunistic bacterium, which causes severe wound infections and septicemia in immunocompromised individuals. The vvhA gene encodes a 56-kDa polypeptide that oligomerizes on host cell membranes, forming transmembrane pores that disrupt osmotic balance, leading to cell lysis. Its role in virulence has made it a target for diagnostic and therapeutic research.
Recombinant vvhA (r-vvhA) is generated through heterologous expression, typically in *Escherichia coli*, by cloning the vvhA gene into expression vectors under inducible promoters (e.g., T7 or arabinose). Purification often involves affinity chromatography (e.g., His-tag systems) followed by refolding steps to restore functional conformation, as the toxin tends to aggregate in inclusion bodies. Studies on r-vvhA have elucidated its structural dynamics, including pH-dependent hemolytic activity and interactions with cholesterol-rich membranes.
Research applications include its use as an antigen for antibody production, a tool for studying pore-forming mechanisms, and a candidate for vaccine development. However, challenges persist in maintaining its stability and minimizing cytotoxicity during handling. Recent work also explores engineered variants with attenuated toxicity for safer immunological studies. The development of r-vvhA has advanced understanding of *V. vulnificus* pathogenesis and spurred innovations in detecting and neutralizing this toxin in clinical and environmental settings.
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