| WB | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IF | 1/20 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IHC | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| ICC | 1/50-1/200 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| FCM | 1/50-1/100 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Elisa | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Aliases | HAP2; CBF-A; CBF-B; NF-YA |
| Host/Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
| Antibody Type | Primary antibody |
| Storage | Store at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. |
| Species Reactivity | Human, Mouse, Rat |
| Immunogen | Fusion protein of human NFYA |
| Formulation | Purified antibody in PBS with 0.05% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. |
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以下是关于Smad2/3抗体的3篇代表性文献，简要概括如下：
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1. **文献名称**：*TGF-β Signaling from Receptors to Smads*
**作者**：Derynck, R., & Zhang, Y. E. (2003)
**摘要**：该综述系统总结了TGF-β信号通路中Smad2/3的激活机制，强调了特异性抗体在检测Smad2/3磷酸化及核转位中的关键作用，为研究其功能提供了实验依据。
2. **文献名称**：*Distinct roles of Smad2 and Smad3 in extracellular matrix remodeling during pulmonary fibrosis*
**作者**：Hata, A., & Davis, B. N. (2009)
**摘要**：通过Smad2/3抗体区分两者在肺纤维化中的功能差异，发现Smad3特异性介导胶原沉积，而Smad2抑制促纤维化反应，提示靶向治疗的潜在方向。
3. **文献名称**：*Phosphorylation of Serine 465/467 in Smad2 is critical for TGF-β-mediated signaling*
**作者**：Nakao, A., et al. (1997)
**摘要**：利用磷酸化特异性Smad2/3抗体，证实Smad2的Ser465/467位点磷酸化是TGF-β信号转导的必要步骤，为后续抗体开发及功能研究奠定基础。
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这些文献涵盖了Smad2/3抗体的应用场景(如磷酸化检测、亚型区分)及其在机制研究中的重要性，可作为相关实验设计的参考依据。
Smad2 and Smad3 are intracellular signaling proteins critical for mediating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling, which regulates diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. Upon TGF-β receptor activation, Smad2 and Smad3 are phosphorylated at specific C-terminal serine residues, enabling their association with Smad4 and translocation to the nucleus to regulate target gene expression. Antibodies targeting Smad2/3 are essential tools for studying TGF-β pathway dynamics, enabling detection of protein expression, phosphorylation status, and subcellular localization in various experimental models (e.g., Western blot, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation).
These antibodies are typically developed against epitopes in conserved regions of Smad2 or Smad3. Some distinguish between total Smad2/3 (regardless of phosphorylation) and phosphorylated forms (p-Smad2/3), the latter being markers of active TGF-β signaling. Researchers often use them to investigate pathological conditions linked to TGF-β dysregulation, such as fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Challenges include cross-reactivity between Smad2 and Smad3 due to their high sequence homology (~90%), necessitating validation via knockout controls or isoform-specific assays. Commercial antibodies are available from multiple vendors, often validated in species like human, mouse, and rat. Proper experimental design requires attention to sample preparation (e.g., inhibition of phosphatases to preserve phosphorylation signals) and antibody specificity verification to ensure accurate interpretation of TGF-β pathway activity.
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