| WB | 1/500-1/1000 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IF | 1/20 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IHC | 1/50-1/100 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| ICC | 技术咨询 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| FCM | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Elisa | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Aliases | C-X-C motif chemokine 4; CXCL4; Iroplact; OncostatinA; PF4; Platelet factor 4; SCYB4; short form; Small inducible cytokine subfamily member 4 |
| Entrez GeneID | 5196 |
| WB Predicted band size | Calculated MW: 11 kDa; Observed MW: 11 kDa |
| Host/Isotype | Rabbit IgG |
| Antibody Type | Primary antibody |
| Storage | Store at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. |
| Species Reactivity | Human,Rat |
| Immunogen | A synthetic peptide of human PF4 |
| Formulation | Purified antibody in TBS with 0.05% sodium azide,0.05%BSA and 50% glycerol. |
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以下是关于PF4抗体的3篇代表性文献概览：
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1. **文献名称**: *Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis*
**作者**: Arepally GM, Cines DB
**摘要**: 综述了肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT)的病理机制，重点阐述PF4/肝素复合物触发抗体产生的过程，以及抗体介导的血小板活化和血栓形成的分子机制。
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2. **文献名称**: *Antibodies to platelet factor 4/heparin in patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)*
**作者**: Greinacher A, et al.
**摘要**: 首次报道新冠疫苗(如腺病毒载体疫苗)后出现的VITT综合征，揭示其PF4抗体的特异性检测结果及与HIT抗体的相似性，提出抗体通过PF4/疫苗成分复合物激活血小板的假说。
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3. **文献名称**: *Platelet factor 4 promotes thrombosis through endothelial cell activation*
**作者**: Nguyen TH, et al.
**摘要**: 实验研究证明PF4抗体可直接结合血管内皮细胞，诱导炎症因子释放和促凝表型转化，揭示其在非肝素相关血栓性疾病(如自身免疫性HIT)中的作用。
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**备注**：PF4抗体研究近年多聚焦于HIT和VITT领域，建议结合关键词“Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia”或“VITT”在PubMed或Web of Science中检索最新进展。
**Background of PF4 Antibodies**
PF4 (platelet factor 4), a chemokine released by activated platelets, plays a role in coagulation and inflammation by binding to negatively charged molecules like heparin. PF4 antibodies, primarily associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), arise when heparin binds to PF4. forming complexes that trigger an immune response. These antibodies, typically IgG, recognize PF4-heparin complexes, leading to platelet activation via Fcγ receptor cross-linking. This results in thrombocytopenia and paradoxical thrombosis, hallmark features of HIT, an immune-mediated prothrombotic disorder.
Beyond HIT, PF4 antibodies are implicated in rare autoimmune-like conditions, such as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) linked to adenoviral COVID-19 vaccines. In VITT, antibodies target PF4 without heparin exposure, inducing platelet activation and thrombosis through similar mechanisms. The exact triggers of PF4 autoimmunity remain unclear, though molecular mimicry or inflammatory stimuli are hypothesized.
Diagnostically, PF4 antibody detection relies on ELISA for antigen binding and functional assays (e.g., serotonin release assay) to confirm platelet-activating capacity. However, not all PF4 antibodies are pathogenic, complicating clinical interpretation. Research continues to unravel the interplay between PF4. autoantibodies, and thrombosis, aiming to refine diagnostics and therapies for these high-risk conditions.
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