| WB | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IF | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| IHC | 1/100-1/200 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| ICC | 技术咨询 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| FCM | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Elisa | 咨询技术 | Human,Mouse,Rat |
| Host/Isotype | Mouse IgG2a |
| Antibody Type | Primary antibody |
| Storage | Store at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. |
| Species Reactivity | Human |
| Immunogen | Purified recombinant fragment of human TTN |
| Formulation | Purified antibody in PBS with 0.05% sodium azide |
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以下是关于TTN抗体的3篇参考文献及其摘要概括：
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1. **标题**: *Autoantibodies against titin in myasthenia gravis*
**作者**: Skeie GO, et al.
**摘要**: 该研究探讨了重症肌无力(MG)患者中抗TTN抗体的存在及其临床意义。研究发现，约30%的MG患者血清中可检测到抗TTN抗体，且与胸腺瘤和晚发型疾病显著相关，提示其可能作为疾病亚型的生物标志物。
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2. **标题**: *Titin antibodies in patients with autoimmune inflammatory myopathies*
**作者**: Sato S, et al.
**摘要**: 研究分析了自身免疫性炎性肌病(如多发性肌炎和皮肌炎)患者的抗TTN抗体水平。结果显示，抗TTN抗体与严重肌肉无力和心肌受累相关，可能对疾病进展和预后评估具有临床价值。
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3. **标题**: *Autoimmune response against cardiac titin in dilated cardiomyopathy*
**作者**: Caforio ALP, et al.
**摘要**: 该文献发现，扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者中存在针对心脏特异性TTN表位的自身抗体。这些抗体可能通过分子模拟机制引发心肌损伤，提示其在DCM病理机制中的潜在作用。
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以上研究均聚焦于TTN抗体在不同自身免疫疾病中的产生机制、检测方法及临床关联性，为疾病诊断和治疗提供了参考依据。
**Background of TTN Antibodies**
Titin (TTN) antibodies target titin, a giant sarcomeric protein encoded by the *TTN* gene, which is critical for muscle elasticity, contraction, and structural integrity in cardiac and skeletal muscles. As the largest human protein, titin plays key roles in maintaining sarcomere organization and mechanosensory signaling. TTN antibodies are primarily studied in the context of autoimmune disorders, particularly myasthenia gravis (MG) and thymoma-associated autoimmunity.
First identified in the 1990s, TTN antibodies are detected in ~20-30% of MG patients, often those with thymoma or late-onset MG. Their presence is associated with severe clinical phenotypes, including respiratory involvement and poor treatment response. While the exact pathogenic role remains unclear, these antibodies may arise due to thymic dysfunction, where aberrant immune responses target titin epitopes exposed during thymoma-related inflammation or necrosis.
TTN antibodies are also explored in cardiomyopathies and inflammatory myopathies, though their clinical utility here is less defined. Detection methods include ELISA and cell-based assays, but standardization challenges persist. Recent studies highlight their potential as biomarkers for disease stratification or prognosis in autoimmune and cardiac conditions. However, cross-reactivity with other proteins and variable prevalence across populations necessitate further research to clarify their diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.
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